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This article reflects key arguments from a debate hosted by the European External Action Service (EEAS) on 16 January 2026 Ukraine is central to European history One of the most persistent distortions in discussions about Russia’s war against Ukraine is the assumption that Ukraine is historically marginal, an “edge case” recently pulled into European affairs. This assumption is not only wrong; it actively reproduces a Kremlin-centred view of history. Ukraine has been a core s

Russia’s foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI) operations are diverse, entrenched, well-resourced, and coordinated. They are also linked globally to culture through ‘Cultural Heritage Exploitation’, or CHX. CHX is a multi-institutional endeavour with spatial, temporal, cognitive, and material aspects. In practice, it fuses pro-Russian historical propaganda to cultural objects, and it is one of the tools deployed to legitimise Russia’s war against Ukraine a

Since the outbreak of Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine, Moscow has visibly intensified its fight for so-called ‘true history’. The Kremlin is rewriting school books to promote myths of Russia’s invincibility and Putin’s total supremacy . Russian historical manipulation is aimed not only at Russian society but also at neighbouring countries and the international community. The Kremlin has lately employed various techniques to reach its aggressive expansionist g

The Kremlin’s information manipulation and influence operations are not always immediately devious. Sometimes Moscow takes a ‘softer...